## Wednesday, December 28, 2011

### Winter holiday mathematics

Albany Area Math Circle is taking a brief break from our regular Friday evening meetings, but that doesn't mean we aren't surrounded by wonderful mathematics, so here are some treasures to share with your friends and family members.  I would love to hear from other math circle members about interesting mathematical aspects of their cultures.  I am sure there are many that I do not know about.

Last night was the last of the eight nights of Hanukkah.  There is all sorts of fun math in Hanukkah, such as figuring out how many candles you need in a box to cover all eight nights of Hanukkah, which will be one less than a triangular number.  There are many fun combinatorics problems to construct and explore as well.  How many different color combinations can be constructed if you have n different colors of candles available?

Today's Albany Times Union had a great mathematics of Hanukkah story, A one-in-trillions dreidel game, about a remarkable string of luck by a first-time dreidel player, who managed to spin the four-sided top 68 consecutive times without ever seeing the losing side come up and winning the entire pot 56 of those spins.  This inspired his great-nephew, a Princeton sophomore studying operations research and financial engineering, to pull out his calculator to compute the astronomically large odds against such a long streak of good luck.

There are several ways to model this probability calculation and it would be interesting to discuss the pros and cons of each approach.  One simple possibility is to compute the likelihood of never losing in 68 spins, which would be 1 - (3/4)68, which works out to 1 in 22.5 trillion.  You can make the odds even more astronomical if you also consider the likelihood that he actually wins the pot on 56 of those 68 non-losing spins, because the remaining three sides are equally likely to come up, and only one of those spins yields the entire pot to the spinner.

Of course, this kind of analysis gives rise to interesting philosophical discussions of the sort that physicist Richard Feynman raised in his book, The Meaning of It All:  Reflections of a Citizen Scientist, when he talked about the probability of seeing a particular license plate in a parking lot as well as the work of Stanford mathematician Persi Diaconis on the mathematics of coincidences.

Moving onto Christmas, we are currently in the midst of the fabled "Twelve Days of Christmas," as memorialized in the song that starts with one gift given on the first day (December 25, "a partridge in a pear tree"),  three gifts given on the second day (December 26, "two turtle doves" plus another "partridge in a pear tree"), and so on through the twelfth day (January 6, which happens to be our next math circle meeting date!)

John Cook at the Endeavor blog has a great post on the mathematics of the Twelve Days of Christmas.  He observes that the total number of gifts received each day is a triangular number and also notes that the cumulative number of gifts received through the end of each day is a tetrahedral number.   He has written up several nice proofs demonstrating that this is true in general, and he also includes a wonderful link and illustration from the Math is Fun blog

The Math is Fun blog's illustration at right is a great way to illustrate the triangular/tetrahedral nature of the 12 Days of Christmas song for your younger friends and relatives.   The image shows the situation for the first five days of Christmas, with the top layer representing the number of presents given on the first day (1), the next layer representing the number of presents given on the second day (3), the next layer the presents given on the third day (6), the next layer the presents given on the fourth day (10), the next layer the presents given on the fifth day (15).  The cumulative number of presents given on the first through fifth day is the number in the entire five layer tetrahedron, or 1+3+6+10+15 = 35.    You can extend this indefinitely, of course.  If you stop after 12 days, you will have a 12-layer tetrahedron with a cumulative total of 1+3+6+10+15+21+28+36+45+55+66+78 presents, which turns out to be 364, a very nice number, since it is one less than the number of days in a typical year!

Another fun fact to share with your younger friends and relatives:  take the number of cumulative gifts received during the 12 days and multiply it by the number of days in 2012 and you get a nice opportunity to discuss factoring differences of squares since 3652 - 12 = (365-1)(365+1).

There are wonderful mathematical possibilities to explore in every religion and culture--including the modular arithmetic of the various calendar systems generally designed to reconcile discrepancies between lunar and solar numbering systems, which move many holiday observations around relative to one another.   It's also interesting to note the frequency with which calendars in so many widely divergent calendars use a 7-day week.  This is mathematically very convenient, since the number nearest to 365.24 with a conveniently large number of factors is 364, which is divisible by 7.

The Hebrew calendar has a 19-year cycle with a leap month in seven of those years.  The Islamic calendar has a 30-year cycle with a leap day added to the final month in 11 out of those 30 years.  The Gregorian calendar commonly used in the west appears to have a four year cycle with a leap day every four years, but it's actually more complicated than that.

New years festivals are observed at many different times in different calendars, starting with the Jewish new year, Rosh Hashanah, which arrives in early fall.  The Hindu new year celebration happens on their festival of lights, Divali, in mid-fall.  The Chinese New Year generally comes later in winter than the Gregorian new year on January 1.  The early Roman calendar (before Caesar came along and reformed it) began its new year in March, had only ten lunar months, and then had a mysterious unlabeled winter period of 61 day that were apparently not considered to belong to any month.  Caesar changed the New Year to January 1, but later Christian rulers moved it to March, before Gregory moved it back to January.

## Wednesday, December 14, 2011

### AMC8 honors

Congratulations to the following students from Albany area schools who achieved national recognition on the very challenging AMC8 contest given last month.  Congratulations as well to all the math circle  student coaches who have supported and encouraged the students, particularly Zubin Mukerjee, whose satellite middle school math circle had many high scorers again this year.

William Wang, eighth grader at Farnsworth Middle School, was one of four students in the state to manage a rare perfect score.  In many years, there are no perfect scores in the entire state of New York.  William joins a long list of AAMC students with high scorer in the state plaques on the AMC8, starting with Raju Krishnamoorthy (1998), Drew Besse (2001),  Dave Bieber (2004), Andrew Ardito (2004, 2005), Schuyler Smith (2006), Matt Babbitt (2007), and Ziqing (Bill) Dong (2010).

Joining William on the Distinguished Honor Roll are Bill Dong (Farnsworth, 23 points), Alex Wei (Van Antwerp/Niskayuna CSD, 23 points), and Eric Pasquini (Farnsworth, 22 points.)

William, Bill, and Eric had a school team score of 70 points, which ranked Farnsworth third place in the state and earned the school national school honor roll standing.    Jeremy Collison from Farnsworth also achieved national Honor Roll recognition with a score of 18 points.

Niskayuna middle school students from Iroquois and Van Antwerp joined forces to rack up a team score of 65 points, ranking 7th place team in the state and earning a spot on the national school Merit Roll list.  In addition to Alex Wei, other Niskayuna CSD students earning national Honor Roll status were:  Patrick Chi and Liam McGrinder with 21 points, Andrey Ahkmetov, Gideon Schmidt, and Jason Tang with 20 points each, Matthew (Rocket) Ruona with 19 points, Alice Hollocher, Darius Irani, and Vladimir Malcevic with 18 points.

Other teams that made the national Merit Roll list included Bethlehem Middle School with a team score that ranked top 30 in the state.  Four of their students also earned individual Honor Roll standing as well:  Wenyuan Hou (21 points) Eliot Shekhtman and Iris Zhou (18 points), and Bowen Chen (17 points).

Alex Cao (21 points) and Jeff Shen (19 points), both from Shaker Junior HS and competing on the Albany Area Math Circle team, earned individual national Honor Roll Recognition.  Along with the score contributed by tying school bronze winners Gwenda Law (O'Rourke) and Helen Yuan (Shaker), the Albany Area Math Circle team landed on the school Merit Roll as well.

Albany Academies also landed on the national school Merit Roll with a team score of 51 points.   Zoe Shannon (18 points) and Joseph Aiello (17 points) earned individual Honor Roll recognition as well.

The following students in sixth grade or below received individual recognition for their scores on the Achievement Roll:  Bethlehem MS:  Michael Klisiwecz, Isabella Ruud, and Eliot Shekhtman;  HACD:  Max Benson; Niskayuna CSD: Gregory George and Gabriel Kammer.

All national honor lists are available at this link.